Programming Across Disciplines

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Python Across Disciplines
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Table of Contents

1.1.   Introduction 1.2.   About the Author & Contact Info 1.3.   Book Conventions 1.4.   What (Who) is a Programmer? 1.5.   Programming Across Disciplines 1.6.   Foundational Computing Concepts 1.7.   About Python 1.8.   First Steps 1.8.1 Computer Setup 1.8.2 Python print() Function 1.8.3 Comments
2.1. About Data 2.2. Data Types 2.3. Variables 2.4. User Input 2.5. Data Structures (DS)         2.5.1. DS Concepts         2.5.2. Lists         2.5.3. Dictionaries         2.5.4. Others 2.6. Files         2.6.1. Files & File Systems         2.6.2. Python File Object         2.6.3. Data Files 2.7. Databases
3.1. About Processing 3.2. Decisions         3.2.1 Decision Concepts         3.2.2 Conditions & Booleans         3.2.3 if Statements         3.2.4 if-else Statements         3.2.5 if-elif-else Statements         3.2.6 In-Line if Statements 3.3. Repetition (a.k.a. Loops)         3.3.1 Repetition Concepts         3.3.2 while Loops         3.3.3 for Loops         3.3.4 Nested Loops         3.3.5 Validating User Input 3.4. Functions         3.4.1 Function Concepts         3.4.2 Built-In Functions         3.4.3 Programmer Defined Functions 3.5. Libraries         3.5.1 Library Concepts         3.5.2 Standard Library         3.5.3 External Libraries 3.6. Processing Case Studies         3.6.1 Case Studies         3.6.2 Parsing Data
4.1. About Output 4.2. Advanced Printing 4.3. Data Visualization   4.4 Sound
  4.5 Graphics
  4.6 Video
  4.7 Web Output
  4.8 PDFs & Documents
  4.9 Dashboards
  4.10 Animation & Games
  4.11 Text to Speech

5.1 About Disciplines 5.2 Accounting 5.3 Architecture 5.4 Art 5.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 5.6 Autonomous Vehicles 5.7 Bioinformatics 5.8 Biology 5.9 Bitcoin 5.10 Blockchain 5.11 Business 5.12 Business Analytics 5.13 Chemistry 5.14 Communication 5.15 Computational Photography 5.16 Computer Science 5.17 Creative Writing 5.18 Cryptocurrency 5.19 Cultural Studies 5.20 Data Analytics 5.21 Data Engineering 5.22 Data Science 5.23 Data Visualization 5.24 Drone Piloting 5.25 Economics 5.26 Education 5.27 Engineering 5.28 English 5.29 Entrepreneurship 5.30 Environmental Studies 5.31 Exercise Science 5.32 Film 5.33 Finance 5.34 Gaming 5.35 Gender Studies 5.36 Genetics 5.37 Geography 5.38 Geology 5.39 Geospatial Analysis ☯ 5.40 History 5.41 Humanities 5.42 Information Systems 5.43 Languages 5.44 Law 5.45 Linguistics 5.46 Literature 5.47 Machine Learning 5.48 Management 5.49 Marketing 5.50 Mathematics 5.51 Medicine 5.52 Military 5.53 Model Railroading 5.54 Music 5.55 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 5.56 Network Analysis 5.57 Neural Networks 5.58 Neurology 5.59 Nursing 5.60 Pharmacology 5.61 Philosophy 5.62 Physiology 5.63 Politics 5.64 Psychiatry 5.65 Psychology 5.66 Real Estate 5.67 Recreation 5.68 Remote Control (RC) Vehicles 5.69 Rhetoric 5.70 Science 5.71 Sociology 5.72 Sports 5.73 Stock Trading 5.74 Text Mining 5.75 Weather 5.76 Writing
6.1. Databases         6.1.1 Overview of Databases         6.1.2 SQLite Databases         6.1.3 Querying a SQLite Database         6.1.4 CRUD Operations with SQLite         6.1.5 Connecting to Other Databases
Built-In Functions Conceptss Data Types Date & Time Format Codes Dictionary Methods Escape Sequences File Access Modes File Object Methods Python Keywords List Methods Operators Set Methods String Methods Tuple Methods Glossary Index Appendices   Software Install & Setup
  Coding Tools:
  A.  Python ↗   B.  Google CoLaboratory ↗   C.  Visual Studio Code ↗   D.  PyCharm IDE ↗   E.  Git ↗   F.  GitHub ↗
  Database Tools:
  G.  SQLite Database ↗   H.  MySQL Database ↗

Python Across Disciplines
by John Gordon © 2023

Table of Contents

6.0 Chapter Overview     6.1. Databases
        6.1.1 Overview of Databases         6.1.2 SQLite Databases         6.1.3 Querying a SQLite Database         6.1.4 CRUD Operations w/SQLite         6.1.5 Connecting to Other Databases     6.2. Object Oriented Programming
            6.2.1. Introduction to OOP             6.2.2. Unified Modeling Language             6.2.3. Classes & Objects             6.2.4. Abstraction             6.2.5. Encapsulation             6.2.6. Inheritance             6.2.7. Polymorphism             6.2.8. Exception Handling             6.2.9. Codealong: Employees             6.2.10. Codealong: Cars     6.3. Graphical User Interfaces
            6.3.1. Introduction to GUIs
            6.3.2. Tkinter
            6.3.3. Codealong: Login Form
            6.3.4. Codealong: Data Entry Form
    6.4. Algorithms & Data Structures
            6.4.1. Introduction to Algorithms
            6.4.2. Searching
            6.4.3. Sorting
            6.4.4. Metrics
            6.4.5. Nodes
            6.4.6. Linked Lists 1
            6.4.7. Linked Lists 2
            6.4.8. Stacks
            6.4.9. Queues
            6.4.10. Heaps
            6.4.11. Trees
            6.4.12. Graphs
            6.4.13. Maps
            6.4.14. Hashing
            6.4.15. Cryptography
    6.5. Additional Advanced Topics
            6.5.1. APIs
            6.5.2. Automation
            6.5.3. Recursion
            6.5.4. More About Datasets
            6.5.5. Large Language Models
            6.5.6. Text Analysis
            6.5.7. Web Scraping
            6.5.8. Data Science
            6.5.9. Machline Learning
            6.5.10. Natural Lang Processing
            6.5.11. Artificial Intelligence
            6.5.12. Cython
            6.5.13. PyPy
            6.5.14. Multi-Threading
            6.5.15. Parallel Processing

Table of Contents » Reference Materials : Operators

Operators

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Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Operation	Description
+	Addition	Adds two values together. Examples: `x + 4 y + 6 + x`
-	Subtraction	Subtracts one value from another values.
*	Multiplication	Multiples two values together.
/	Division	Divids one value by another value. Be careful not to attempt to divide by zero.
%	Modulus	Returns the remainder of dividing one vaolule by another value.
**	Exponentiation	Rasies the power of one value by another value.
//	Floor Division	Divides one value by another value, then returns the floor value of the result. The floor value is the greatest integer less than or equal to the resulting value.

Assignment Operators

Operator	Description
=	Assignment Operator: The most basic assignment operator, which simply assigns the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side. Example: `x = 10`
+=	Add AND Operator: This operator adds the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x += 10 # Equivalent to x = x + 3`
-=	Subtract AND Operator: This operator subtracts the value on the right-hand side from the variable on the left-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x -= 10 # equivalent to x = x - 10`
*=	Multiply AND Operator: This operator multiplies the value on the right-hand side with the variable on the left-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x = 10 # equivalent to x = x 10`
/=	Divide AND Operator: This operator divides the variable on the left-hand side by the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x /= 10 # equivalent to x = x / 10`
%=	Modulo AND Operator: This operator calculates the remainder when the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x %= 10 # equivalent to x = x % 10`
//=	Integer Division AND Operator: This operator performs integer division between the variable on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x //= 10 # equivalent to x = x // 10`
**=	Exponentiation AND Operator: This operator raises the variable on the left-hand side to the power of the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x = 10 # equivalent to x = x 10`
&=	Bitwise AND Operator: This operator performs a bitwise AND operation between the variable on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x &= 10 # equivalent to x = x & 10`
!=	Bitwise OR Operator: This operator performs a bitwise OR operation between the variable on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x \|= 10 # equivalent to x = x \| 10`
^=	Bitwise XOR Operator: This operator performs a bitwise XOR operation between the variable on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the result to the variable on the left-hand side. Examples: `x ^= 10 # equivalent to x = x ^ 10`

Comparison Operators

Operator	Comparison	Description
==	Equal	The double-equal symbol compares the left-side value with the right-side value. If they are equal, then it results in True. If the comparison is not equal, then it results in False. Note: A common mistake in coding is to use the single-equal sign (=) instead of the double-equal (==). This mistake can cause significant problems because instead of making a comparison, the single-equal assigns the valuse of the right-side to the left-side. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x == y:` Condition Result: False
!=	Not Equal	This comparison operator is the opposite of the equal operator above. It compares the left-side value with the right-side value. If they are not equal, then it results in True. If the comparison is equal, then it results in False. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x != y:` Condition Result: True
>	Greater Than	This comparison operator checks if the left-side value is greater than (determined by the data type) the right-side value. If the left-side is greater, then it results in True. If the left-side is not greater than the right side, then it results in False. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x > y:` Condition Result: False
<	Less Than	This comparison operator checks if the left-side value is less than (determined by the data type) the right-side value. If the left-side is less, then it results in True. If the left-side is not less than the right side, then it results in False. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x < y:` b>Condition Result: True
>=	Greater Than or Equal To	This comparison operator checks if the left-side value is greater or equal to (determined by the data type) the right-side value. If the left-side is greater or equal to, then it results in True. If the left-side is not greater or equal to than the right side, then it results in False. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x >= y:` Condition Result: False
<=	Less Than or Equal To	This comparison operator checks if the left-side value is less than or equal to (determined by the data type) the right-side value. If the left-side is less than or equal to, then it results in True. If the left-side is not less than or equal to the right side, then it results in False. Example: `x = 10 y = 20 if x <= y:` Condition Result: True

Logical Operators

Operator	Description
and	Returns True if both statements are true
or	Returns True if one of the statements is true
not	Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true

Identity Operators

Operator	Description
is	Returns True if both variables are the same object
is not	Returns True if both variables are not the same objec

Membership Operators

Operator	Description
in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object
not in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object

Bitwise Operators

Operator	Name	Description
&	AND	Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
\|	OR	Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
^	XOR	Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~	NOT	Inverts all the bits
<<	Zero fill left shift	Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off
>>	Signed right shift	Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off

© 2023 John Gordon
Cascade Street Publishing, LLC